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| Attribute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Operator | ISRO | Astrobotic | ispace |
| Prime contractor | ISRO | Astrobotic | ispace |
| Status | Landed | Lost | Lost |
| Customer | ISRO | NASA-CLPS | private |
| Launch date | 2023-07-14 | 2024-01-08 | 2022-12-11 |
| Landing date | 2023-08-23 | — | 2023-04-25 |
| Landing site | Statio Shiv Shakti, 69.37°S — first soft landing near lunar south pole | Sinus Viscositatis (planned; never reached) | Atlas crater, Mare Frigoris (planned; impacted at altitude ~5 km) |
| Payload | Pragyan rover 27 kg + lander Vikram 1,749 kg (2023-08-23) | 20 payloads from 7 nations (2024-01-08) | Rashid rover (10 kg, UAE/MBRSC) + Sora-Q (0.25 kg, JAXA) + commercial (2023-04-25) |
| Contract value | ₹6.15B (~$75M USD) (2023-07-14) | $108M (2024-01-08) | — |
| Outcome | First soft landing near the lunar south pole and first lunar landing by ISRO. Pragyan rover traversed ~100 m over 10 lunar days, confirmed sulfur, aluminium, calcium, iron, chromium, titanium, manganese, silicon, oxygen at the landing site. Lander 'hopped' to a secondary location demonstrating reusable propulsion. | Maiden flight of ULA's Vulcan Centaur. Helium pressurant valve failed to reseal post-actuation, over-pressurizing the oxidizer tank and rupturing it. Lander commanded into controlled re-entry; burned up over South Pacific 2024-01-18. | Travelled ~1.4M km — at the time, furthest a privately funded spacecraft had flown. Software flagged the radar altimeter as faulty after the lander crossed a crater rim cliff and ignored its readings. Lander ran out of fuel hovering ~5 km above surface and free-fell. |
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