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| Attribute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Operator | ISRO | CNSA | Astrobotic |
| Prime contractor | ISRO | China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) | Astrobotic |
| Status | In development | In development | Lost |
| Customer | ISRO | CNSA | NASA-CLPS |
| Launch date | 2027–2028 (NET) | 2026-08 (NET) | 2024-01-08 |
| Landing date | — | — | — |
| Landing site | Near Mons Mouton, lunar south pole | Shackleton crater illuminated rim, lunar south pole | Sinus Viscositatis (planned; never reached) |
| Payload | Up to 3 kg lunar sample return (2026-02-06) | 18 science payloads across orbiter, lander, rover, mini-hopper, and Queqiao-2 (2026-05-28) | 20 payloads from 7 nations (2024-01-08) |
| Contract value | — | — | $108M (2024-01-08) |
| Outcome | India's first lunar sample-return mission. Five modules launched on two LVM3 vehicles; requires both Earth-orbit and lunar-orbit docking — first-time capabilities for ISRO. Architecture sanctioned by Government of India September 2024. | China's first dedicated lunar south-pole prospecting mission. Mini-flying probe hops into permanently shadowed regions to sample for water-ice volatiles. Italian laser retroreflector aboard the lander. | Maiden flight of ULA's Vulcan Centaur. Helium pressurant valve failed to reseal post-actuation, over-pressurizing the oxidizer tank and rupturing it. Lander commanded into controlled re-entry; burned up over South Pacific 2024-01-18. |
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Underlying dataset: GET /api/moon/landers. Methodology: /moon/methodology.