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| Attribute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Operator | ispace | CNSA | Astrobotic |
| Prime contractor | ispace | China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) | Astrobotic |
| Status | Lost | In development | Lost |
| Customer | private | CNSA | NASA-CLPS |
| Launch date | 2022-12-11 | 2026-08 (NET) | 2024-01-08 |
| Landing date | 2023-04-25 | — | — |
| Landing site | Atlas crater, Mare Frigoris (planned; impacted at altitude ~5 km) | Shackleton crater illuminated rim, lunar south pole | Sinus Viscositatis (planned; never reached) |
| Payload | Rashid rover (10 kg, UAE/MBRSC) + Sora-Q (0.25 kg, JAXA) + commercial (2023-04-25) | 18 science payloads across orbiter, lander, rover, mini-hopper, and Queqiao-2 (2026-05-28) | 20 payloads from 7 nations (2024-01-08) |
| Contract value | — | — | $108M (2024-01-08) |
| Outcome | Travelled ~1.4M km — at the time, furthest a privately funded spacecraft had flown. Software flagged the radar altimeter as faulty after the lander crossed a crater rim cliff and ignored its readings. Lander ran out of fuel hovering ~5 km above surface and free-fell. | China's first dedicated lunar south-pole prospecting mission. Mini-flying probe hops into permanently shadowed regions to sample for water-ice volatiles. Italian laser retroreflector aboard the lander. | Maiden flight of ULA's Vulcan Centaur. Helium pressurant valve failed to reseal post-actuation, over-pressurizing the oxidizer tank and rupturing it. Lander commanded into controlled re-entry; burned up over South Pacific 2024-01-18. |
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Underlying dataset: GET /api/moon/landers. Methodology: /moon/methodology.