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| Attribute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Operator | ispace | Astrobotic | ISRO |
| Prime contractor | ispace | Astrobotic | ISRO |
| Status | Lost | Lost | Landed |
| Customer | private | NASA-CLPS | ISRO |
| Launch date | 2022-12-11 | 2024-01-08 | 2023-07-14 |
| Landing date | 2023-04-25 | — | 2023-08-23 |
| Landing site | Atlas crater, Mare Frigoris (planned; impacted at altitude ~5 km) | Sinus Viscositatis (planned; never reached) | Statio Shiv Shakti, 69.37°S — first soft landing near lunar south pole |
| Payload | Rashid rover (10 kg, UAE/MBRSC) + Sora-Q (0.25 kg, JAXA) + commercial (2023-04-25) | 20 payloads from 7 nations (2024-01-08) | Pragyan rover 27 kg + lander Vikram 1,749 kg (2023-08-23) |
| Contract value | — | $108M (2024-01-08) | ₹6.15B (~$75M USD) (2023-07-14) |
| Outcome | Travelled ~1.4M km — at the time, furthest a privately funded spacecraft had flown. Software flagged the radar altimeter as faulty after the lander crossed a crater rim cliff and ignored its readings. Lander ran out of fuel hovering ~5 km above surface and free-fell. | Maiden flight of ULA's Vulcan Centaur. Helium pressurant valve failed to reseal post-actuation, over-pressurizing the oxidizer tank and rupturing it. Lander commanded into controlled re-entry; burned up over South Pacific 2024-01-18. | First soft landing near the lunar south pole and first lunar landing by ISRO. Pragyan rover traversed ~100 m over 10 lunar days, confirmed sulfur, aluminium, calcium, iron, chromium, titanium, manganese, silicon, oxygen at the landing site. Lander 'hopped' to a secondary location demonstrating reusable propulsion. |
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