International Lunar Research Station (ILRS)

Total committed: Total ILRS lifecycle cost not officially disclosed; individual contributing missions (Chang'e-6/7/8, Luna-26/27/28) are funded from existing national budgets rather than a consolidated ILRS line item. CSIS / SpaceNews analysts estimate cumulative China-Russia ILRS-aligned spend in the low-to-mid single-digit billions of USD-equivalent through the 2030 reconnaissance phase [12]

Annual run-rate: China's total civil space budget reached ~$14B equivalent in 2023; Russia's federal space budget was approximately ~$2-3B equivalent in 2024 — substantially constrained post-invasion. ILRS-aligned spend is a discrete but un-itemised slice inside each national envelope [11][13]

Per launch: No consolidated ILRS launch-cost disclosure; Chang'e mission unit costs estimated at $150-300M-equivalent per mission and Luna missions at $200-400M-equivalent per Western analyst estimates — no official disclosure [12]

Procurement vehicle: COST-PLUS — Government pays incurred costs plus a fee — contractor bears low risk; cost overruns common.

Congressional status: ILRS is embedded in China's 14th Five-Year Plan and forthcoming 15th FYP, in Russian Federal Space Programme 2016-2025 and successor framework; bilateral and multilateral MoUs have been signed at head-of-agency level. No public legislative opposition exists in either country [14]