Pick up to 4 missions to compare side-by-side. State lives in the URL — share the link and the comparison loads exactly as you left it.
Six nations have placed lunar orbiters since 2007 — a 4× increase in 15 years.
| Attribute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Agency | NASA | CNSA | NASA |
| Status | Mission Complete | Mission Complete | Deorbited |
| Mission type | Impactor | Orbiter | Orbiter |
| Launch date | 2009-06-18 | 2010-10-01 | 1998-01-06 |
| End date | 2009-10-09 | 2012-12-13 | 1999-07-31 |
| Orbit | Elliptical shepherding orbit; impacted Cabeus crater | 100 km circular polar orbit, later 15 km periapsis for Sinus Iridum imaging | 100 km circular polar orbit (lowered to 15-30 km for extended mission) |
| Mass | 891 kgas of [1]LCROSS + Centaur upper stage (2,366 kg total impact); Centaur impacted first | 2,480 kgas of [1] ↑ Heaviest | 158 kgas of [1]One of the smallest and lowest-cost ($63M) NASA lunar orbiters |
| Instruments | 9 instrumentsas of [1] ↑ Most instruments | 7 instrumentsas of [1] | 5 instrumentsas of [1] |
| Key findings |
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| Outcome | NASA's low-cost ($79M) impactor mission co-launched with LRO. The Centaur upper stage struck Cabeus crater on October 9, 2009, ejecting a plume of material that LCROSS analyzed as it flew through it before also impacting. This definitively confirmed water-ice in permanently shadowed craters — one of the most important planetary science results of the 2000s. | Chang'e 2 far exceeded its primary mission. After completing its lunar mapping goals, it traveled to the Earth-Sun L2 point (first Chinese L2 mission), then flew past asteroid 4179 Toutatis at 3.2 km — the closest-ever asteroid encounter. Now in a heliocentric orbit, drifting beyond Mars. | A low-cost ($63M) NASA Discovery mission that made one of the most important lunar discoveries of the late 20th century: strong evidence for water-ice at both poles. Deliberately impacted the lunar south pole at mission end; no detectable water plume was observed, but this was attributed to unfavorable geometry. |
All 11 lunar orbital missions with primary-source citations from NASA, ESA, JAXA, ISRO, CNSA, and NASA NSSDCA. Coverage spans Clementine (1994) through LRO (active 2026). Pure URL state — bookmark or share the link and the comparison reproduces exactly.