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Six missions have operated on the Martian surface since 1997 — three simultaneously in 2022.
| Attribute | Perseverance (Mars 2020) Mars 2020 Active · Last updated 2026-06-01Trust: Agency-primaryⓘ Last verified Remove × | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Agency | NASA/JPL | NASA/JPL | NASA/JPL |
| Status | Active | Mission Complete | Mission Complete |
| Vehicle type | rover | helicopter | rover |
| Launch date | 2020-07-30 | 2020-07-30 | 2003-07-07 |
| Landing date | 2021-02-18 | 2021-02-18 | 2004-01-25 |
| Landing site | Octavia E. Butler Landing, Jezero Crater | Wright Brothers Field, Jezero Crater (deployed from Perseverance) | Eagle Crater, Meridiani Planum |
| Launch mass | 1,025 kgas of [1] | 1.8 kgas of [1] | 185 kgas of [1] |
| Power system | Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) | Solar panels + 6 lithium-ion batteries | Solar panels + lithium-ion battery |
| Instruments | 7 primary science instruments + 19 cameras + 2 microphonesas of [1]Mastcam-Z, SuperCam, PIXL, SHERLOC, RIMFAX, MEDA, MOXIE; MOXIE completed Oct 2023 | 2 cameras (color + navigation)as of [1]Navigation camera + color camera; no science instruments beyond imaging | 5 science instruments + RAT drill + Magnet arraysas of [1]Same instrument suite as Spirit: Pancam, Mini-TES, Mössbauer, APXS, MI |
| Distance traveled | ~22 kmas of [1]Actively driving; cached 24 sample tubes for future Mars Sample Return | ~11.6 kmas of [1]Total distance across 72 flights; final flight January 18, 2024 | 45.16 kmas of [1]Mars distance record for a surface vehicle; final odometry at last contact ↑ Farthest |
| Mission outcome | First spacecraft to demonstrate oxygen production on Mars (MOXIE). Collected and cached 24 sample tubes for eventual Mars Sample Return. Documented diverse rock types in Jezero's ancient river delta. Deployed and supported Ingenuity through 72 flights. | First powered controlled flight on another planet — technology demonstration that exceeded all expectations. Originally planned for 5 test flights, completed 72 before a rotor blade broke in January 2024. Achieved altitudes up to 24 m and flight durations up to 169.5 seconds. | Traversed 45.16 km across Meridiani Planum — a world distance record for surface vehicles. Found sedimentary evidence of standing liquid water at Eagle Crater. Reached Endeavour Crater rim in 2011, 9 km from landing site. Contact lost in a 2018 global dust storm after 14+ years of operations. |
All 6 surface vehicles with primary-source citations from NASA JPL, NASA NSSDCA, and CNSA. Pure URL state — bookmark or share the link and the comparison reproduces exactly.