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The global launch market reached $14.1 billion in 2024 — up 34% since 2021.
| Attribute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Company | Khrunichev / Roscosmos | Isar Aerospace | Roscosmos / Progress Rocket Space Centre |
| Country | 🇷🇺 Russia | 🇩🇪 Germany | 🇷🇺 Russia |
| Status | Retired | In Development | Active |
| Vehicle class | Heavy | Small | Medium |
| Propellant | UDMH / N₂O₄ (hypergolic — all stages) | LOX / kerosene (~80% manufactured in-house) | RP-1 / LOX |
| Reusable | No | No | No |
| Stages | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| First flight | 2001 – 2023 | 2025 | 2004 |
| Payload to LEO | 22,400 kgas of [1] ↑ Best | 1,000 kgas of [1] | 8,200 kgas of [1]Soyuz-2.1b with Fregat upper stage; 2.1a variant ~7,020 kg LEO |
| Payload to GTO | 6,290 kgas of [1]With Briz-M upper stage ↑ Best | — | 3,250 kgas of [1]With Fregat-M upper stage |
| Height | 58.2 mas of [1] ↑ Best | — | 46.3 mas of [1] |
| Liftoff mass | 712 tas of [1] ↑ Best | — | 312 tas of [1] |
| Success rate | ~91%as of [2]~13 mission failures out of ~115 flights in Proton-M variant; highly toxic propellant complicated recovery operations | 0/1 (first flight failed)as of [1]First flight from Andøya Spaceport (2025-03-30): liftoff succeeded but the rocket was terminated ~30 seconds in after a vent valve opened unexpectedly, causing loss of attitude control. Second flight ('Onward and Upward') repeatedly delayed through 2026 (weather, a safety-zone fishing vessel, a composite pressure vessel leak, then off-nominal fluid-system behavior as of 2026-06-15) — not yet flown as of this research. | 97%as of [2]~160/165 mission successes since 2004 per aggregated launch logs ↑ Best |
| Total flights | ~115as of [2]Effectively retired ~2023 with Russian government replacing it with Angara A5 | 1as of [1] | ~165as of [2] ↑ Best |
| Cost / kg LEO | — | — | — |
| Summary | Russia's dominant heavy-lift rocket for GEO comsats and planetary missions from 1965 (Proton family) through 2023 (Proton-M). Notorious for its hypergolic propellant — a highly toxic UDMH/N₂O₄ combination that caused environmental concerns at Baikonur. Replaced by Angara A5. | Germany's first orbital-class launcher attempt; its first flight in March 2025 was Western Europe's first orbital launch attempt from the European mainland. A qualification second flight carrying CubeSats and ESA experiments has slipped repeatedly through 2026. | Russia's primary medium-lift workhorse, descended from the Soyuz family that has flown since 1966. Carries both crewed Soyuz spacecraft and Cygnus-class cargo. Fregat upper stage significantly expands mission flexibility. Production continues at Samara (now TsSKB-Progress). |
48 launch vehicles across 10 countries — active, retired, and in development — with primary-source citations from manufacturer user guides and agency press kits. Pure URL state: bookmark or share the link and the comparison reproduces exactly.