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Over 70 licensed launch facilities now operate globally — 20 commissioned since 2020.
| Attribute | Baikonur Cosmodrome 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan Active · Last updated 2026-06-01Trust: Agency-primaryⓘ Last verified Remove × | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Operator | Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) | Roscosmos | Iranian Space Agency (ISA) / IRGC Aerospace Force |
| Ownership | Military | International Consortium | Military |
| Region | 🇷🇺 Russia | 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan | 🇮🇷 Iran |
| Launch pads | — | 9 active (Soyuz-2 × 3, Proton-M × 2, Zenit × 1, Zenith-3SLB, and reserve pads)as of [1]Many historic pads retired; total complex has 52 pads historically ↑ Most pads | — |
| Annual launches | 0-2 | ~15as of [1] | 1-3 |
| Max payload (LEO) | — | 22,800 kg to LEO (Proton-M)as of [1] ↑ Highest capacity | — |
| First operational launch | 1947 | 1957-10-04as of [1]Sputnik 1 — first artificial Earth satellite ever launched | 2008 |
| Regulatory regime | Russian Ministry of Defence (closed military range); subject to comprehensive Western sanctions | Roscosmos (lease through 2050) / Kazakhstan KazCosmos co-oversight under 1994 lease agreement | Iranian Space Agency (ISA) civil; IRGC Aerospace Force military; subject to UN Security Council Resolution 2231 missile-technology restrictions and US OFAC / EU sanctions blocking all Western commercial engagement |
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