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Over 70 licensed launch facilities now operate globally — 20 commissioned since 2020.
| Attribute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Operator | Roscosmos | CIEES (Centre Interarmées d'Essais d'Engins Spéciaux), France (historical) | Hong Kong Aerospace Technology Group (HKATG) + Government of Djibouti |
| Ownership | Government | Military | International Consortium |
| Region | 🇷🇺 Russia | 🇩🇿 Algeria | 🇩🇯 Djibouti |
| Launch pads | — | — | — |
| Annual launches | 3-5 ↑ Most active | 0 | 0 (under construction) |
| Max payload (LEO) | — | — | — |
| First operational launch | 2016 | 1947 | 2023 |
| Regulatory regime | Roscosmos (Russian federal jurisdiction, no foreign lease) | — | Djibouti national authority (regulatory framework under development); subject to international scrutiny via Wassenaar Arrangement and Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) given PRC-linked sponsor |
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