Mars Sample Return explained: how NASA and ESA plan to retrieve Perseverance's rock tubes, the $11B budget crisis, the architecture rethink, and the astrobiology stakes.
NASA's Ingenuity was designed for 5 flights on Mars. It flew 72 over three years in a 1% atmosphere — the Wright Brothers moment of the space age, built at JPL.
SpaceX passed 300 Falcon 9 launches in early 2025, flew Polaris Dawn, and is testing Starship. How reusable rockets and Starlink reshaped global spaceflight.
Mars once held an ocean; today ice lurks beneath Jezero Crater and the polar caps. What NASA and ESA missions reveal about ancient water, astrobiology, and human colonies.
