How ISRO's Mangalyaan reached Mars orbit on its first attempt for about $74M — the engineering, the frugal-genius story, what it found, and Mangalyaan-2.
Starship is the single most consequential variable in the SpaceX SOTP. The marketed economics — $20-30M per launch, $100-200/kg to LEO — would re-base the entire space economy. The probable economics through 2028 are different. We build the model, weigh HLS execution risk, and explain why the Mars architecture is the most over-discussed and least near-term-relevant part of the thesis.
Starship caught its booster mid-air and survived re-entry. Here's what comes next: Starlink launches, Artemis HLS, and the first steps toward Mars.
SpaceX today: a ~$1.25 trillion combined valuation post-xAI, 165 launches in 2025, Starship Block 3 incoming, Starlink at 10M+ subscribers, and an IPO on the runway.
Terraforming Mars means warming a -60C desert, thickening a 1% atmosphere and restoring water. The real physics, greenhouse gas plans, and why it may take
Inside NASA's cleanrooms: how spacecraft bound for Mars are baked, scrubbed, and assayed to kill microbes, the COSPAR rules, and why contamination could ruin astrobiology.